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Supreme Court clears way for racial profiling in immigration raids

Juan Ochoa by Juan Ochoa
February 28, 2026
in Community, Español
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  • Juan Ochoa, University of Michigan News
  • October 9, 2025
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EXPERT Q&A

The U.S. Supreme Court’s recent ruling in Noem v. Perdomo allows federal immigration agents to consider several factors, including race or ethnicity, language use, location and type of employment, under the suspicion that individuals might be undocumented immigrants.

Richard Primus, the Theodore J. St. Antoine Collegiate Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, discusses his analysis of this landmark decision and its potential implications for civil liberties and equal protection under the law.

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How can using race in immigration stops be legal?

The law has always permitted race to be a factor in whom law enforcement officers choose to stop. A typical suspect description includes the suspect’s race. If a witness of a gas station robbery tells the police that the robber was a six-foot-tall elderly white man, the suspect’s race will be one of the criteria that police use to decide whom to stop: they will not, in this case, stop Black or Asian men.

What’s remarkable and deeply troubling about Noem v. Perdomo is that the court is permitting race to be used as a factor for law enforcement stops even when the authorities have little reason other than race to think that the particular individual they are stopping is a lawbreaker. If law enforcement authorities stopped everyone in Los Angeles County whom this decision permitted them to stop, they’d stop enormous numbers of people, most of whom have done nothing wrong.

What does this mean for the future of our justice system?

If the decision stands, it means that at least in certain parts of the country, people who look Latino, or who speak Spanish in public, or who speak English with Latin American accents in public, and who do so in any of the many locations that the Supreme Court identified as places where unlawful immigrants are often found—including bus stops and low-wage workplaces—will have a reasonable fear that they will be accosted by law enforcement officials and asked to show proof of citizenship or legal residence.

Based on experience, we have reason to think that the stops will often be impolite and that they will sometimes be violent. This is a terrible state of affairs for U.S. law. In my own view, the Supreme Court is deeply mistaken: the Constitution is better understood to prohibit the practice. And if the court is right that the Constitution permits this, the Constitution should be changed.

Could this create a second-class status for some Americans?

It all depends on what one means by second-class status. There’s no such thing, officially, as second-class status, so different people understand the idea differently. The Supreme Court’s decision creates a situation where some people are more likely than others to be subject to race-based suspicion from law enforcement. That could reasonably be described as making some people second-class Americans. But it’s bad whether we describe it that way or not.

Did cases like Dred Scott or the Chinese exclusion cases diminish the United States’ global standing? Will this decision have a similar effect?

Historically, I’m not at all sure that those Supreme Court decisions had long-term adverse effects on the global standing of the United States. The decisions are shameful, but that doesn’t mean that they hurt the country’s global standing.

But I do think that it will be a terrible thing for the global standing of the United States if the country comes to be known as a place where nonwhite people and people for whom English is not their native language are subject to arbitrary suspicion and detention.

Juan Ochoa is the Spanish communication representative for Michigan News at the University of Michigan. This story was provided to El Central Newspaper by Michigan News.

Corte Suprema despeja el camino para el perfilamiento racial en redadas de inmigración

El fallo reciente de la Corte Suprema en el caso Noem v. Perdomo ha despejado el camino para que los agentes federales de inmigración puedan considerar varios factores, como la raza o el origen étnico, el idioma que se habla, la ubicación y el tipo de empleo, bajo la sospecha de que las personas puedan ser inmigrantes indocumentados.

Richard Primus, Profesor Titular de Derecho Theodore J. St. Antoine en la Universidad de Michigan, analiza su evaluación de esta decisión histórica y sus posibles implicaciones para las libertades civiles y la igualdad de protección ante la ley.

¿Cómo puede ser legal el uso de la raza en las paradas de inmigración?

La ley siempre ha permitido que la raza sea un factor en la decisión de a quién detener por parte de los agentes del orden. La descripción típica de un sospechoso incluye su raza. Si un testigo de un robo a una gasolinera le dice a la policía que el ladrón era un hombre blanco anciano de seis pies de altura, la raza del sospechoso será uno de los criterios que la policía usará para decidir a quién detener. En este caso, no detendrán a hombres negros o asiáticos.

Lo que es notable y profundamente preocupante sobre Noem v. Perdomo es que la Corte está permitiendo que la raza se utilice como factor para las detenciones policiales incluso cuando las autoridades tienen pocas razones, aparte de la raza, para pensar que la persona específica a la que están deteniendo ha infringido la ley. Si las autoridades detuvieran a todas las personas en el condado de Los Ángeles a quienes esta decisión les permite detener, detendrían a un número enorme de personas, la mayoría de las cuales no han hecho nada malo.

¿Qué significa esto para el futuro de nuestro sistema de justicia?

Si la decisión se mantiene, significa que, al menos en ciertas partes del país, las personas con apariencia latina, o que hablan español en público, o que hablan inglés con acentos latinoamericanos en público, y que se encuentren en cualquiera de los muchos lugares que la Corte Suprema identificó como sitios donde a menudo se encuentran inmigrantes indocumentados, incluyendo paradas de autobús y lugares de trabajo con salarios bajos, tendrán un temor fundado de ser abordadas por agentes del orden y ser requeridas para mostrar pruebas de ciudadanía o residencia legal.

Basándonos en la experiencia, hay razones para pensar que estas detenciones a menudo serán descorteses y que a veces serán violentas. Esta es una situación terrible para la ley estadounidense. En mi propia opinión, la Corte Suprema está profundamente equivocada. La Constitución se entiende mejor como una norma que prohíbe esta práctica. Y si la Corte tiene razón y la Constitución lo permite, entonces la Constitución debería ser cambiada.

¿Podría esto crear una condición de ciudadanos de segunda clase para algunos estadounidenses?

Todo depende de lo que se entienda por “condición de segunda clase”. Oficialmente, no existe tal cosa como un estatus de segunda clase, por lo que diferentes personas entienden la idea de manera distinta. La decisión de la Corte Suprema crea una situación en la que algunas personas tienen más probabilidades que otras de ser objeto de sospechas basadas en la raza por parte de los agentes del orden. Esto podría describirse razonablemente como una situación que convierte a algunas personas en estadounidenses de segunda clase. Pero es malo tanto si lo describimos de esa manera como si no.

¿Los casos como el de Dred Scott o los Casos de Exclusión China dañaron la posición global de Estados Unidos? ¿Tendrá esta decisión un efecto similar?

Históricamente, no estoy nada seguro de que ninguna de esas decisiones de la Corte Suprema tuviera efectos adversos a largo plazo en la posición global de Estados Unidos. Las decisiones son vergonzosas, pero eso no significa que hayan dañado la posición global del país.

Pero sí creo que será terrible para la posición global de Estados Unidos si el país llega a ser conocido como un lugar donde las personas no blancas y aquellas para quienes el inglés no es su lengua nativa están sujetas a sospechas y detenciones arbitrarias.

Juan Ochoa es el representante de comunicación en español de Michigan News en la Universidad de Michigan. Esta historia fue proporcionada a El Central Newspaper por Michigan News.

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Juan Ochoa

Juan Ochoa

Juan Ochoa is a Detroit-based freelance writer and the Spanish Communication Representative for Michigan News at the University of Michigan. With deep roots in communication, his experience spans from the Southwest Detroit Community Justice Center and WXYZ-TV to international organizations like UNESCO and the World Association of Newspapers. Juan holds a master’s degree in Global Communication from The American University of Paris and a bachelor’s in Media Communication from Lawrence Technological University. When he isn't writing, he enjoys traveling and exploring nature with family and friends.

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