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Cuba’s Triple Crisis: Economy, Politics, Society

Cuba's triple crisis reveals economic collapse, political instability, and mass migration. Explore expert insights on what’s driving change and what comes next

EL CENTRAL by EL CENTRAL
April 19, 2026
in Español, Opinion, Politics, World
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  • Interview with Silvia Pedraza
  • April 19, 2026
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ANN ARBOR—As Cuba grapples with an economic collapse, political instability and social unrest, the failure of the revolutionary model has reached a definitive turning point. 

Silvia Pedraza is a professor of sociology and American culture at the University of Michigan who has spent years documenting the evolution of the Cuban Revolution and its impact on its citizens. Applying her expertise in the island’s political shift and the resulting movement, she discusses how the loss of revolutionary legitimacy and the crumbling of state infrastructure have forced mass exodus.

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What is the nature of the current multifaceted crisis facing Cuba and why is the revolutionary model considered a failure?

Economically, Cuba currently has nothing to export other than doctors. For most of its history, it was the world’s leading sugar producer. But it failed to invest in repairing and upgrading its sugar mills, which sorely needed it. A few years before his death, Fidel Castro put the last nail in the coffin by shutting down more than half of them. Thus, today Cuba only has doctors to export, which is another problem—turning people into commodities and not giving the doctors adequate salaries for their work.

Politically, Cuba at present lacks legitimacy for its government. After Fidel Castro died, his messianic and charismatic leadership ended. His reign was followed by Raúl Castro, his brother, who always supported him, backing him up with the military. Raúl lacked Fidel’s charisma—his ability to turn every problem in Cuba into a vision of the people’s need to sacrifice for a better future. Raúl was a reformer, and he tried to introduce some market reforms, allowing some self-employment in Cuba, though his reforms were not large enough to make a significant difference. Raúl did succeed in the international scene, as, together with Obama, he restored political relations between Cuba and the U.S. Both Fidel and Raúl had the legitimacy of having fought in the Cuban Revolution, rendering it victorious. Raúl chose Miguel Díaz-Canel, the new president, as his successor. Díaz-Canel, however, lacks the legitimacy of the Revolution, is not at all charismatic, and has not been able to manage the Cuban economy to solve any of its problems.

Both the economic and political troubles on the island have resulted in strong and wide social protests from the people, who no longer believe in the vision of sacrificing themselves for a better future and who are daily beset with real problems: lacking food for sustenance, lacking gasoline for transport, and suffering blackouts from a lack of electricity. They live on the remittances they receive from relatives and friends who long ago left the island—either pushed out as exiles or as refugees who simply sought a better life elsewhere—in the U.S., Spain and Latin America. From a nation that used to be 11.2 million people only a decade ago, today estimates put the nation at close to only 8 million people. It is a sad ending for a nation that, despite the inequalities in its midst when the Revolution triumphed (of social class and race, as well as gender), was prosperous. The communist utopia in which so many believed, and for which so many sacrificed, simply failed—completely.

La triple crisis de Cuba: economía, política y sociedad

ANN ARBOR—Mientras Cuba lidia con un colapso económico, inestabilidad política y agitación social, el fracaso del modelo revolucionario ha llegado a un punto de inflexión definitivo.

Silvia Pedraza es profesora de sociología y cultura americana en la Universidad de Michigan, y ha dedicado años a documentar la evolución de la Revolución Cubana y su impacto en la ciudadanía. Aplicando su experiencia en el cambio político de la isla y el movimiento resultante, la profesora analiza cómo la pérdida de legitimidad revolucionaria y el desmoronamiento de la infraestructura estatal han forzado un éxodo masivo.

¿Cuál es la naturaleza de la actual crisis polifacética que enfrenta Cuba y por qué se considera que el modelo revolucionario ha fracasado?

La crisis actual en Cuba es tanto económica como política y, profundamente, social.

Desde el punto de vista económico, Cuba no tiene actualmente nada que exportar más que médicos. Durante la mayor parte de su historia, fue el principal productor de azúcar del mundo; sin embargo, no se invirtió en la reparación y modernización de sus ingenios azucareros, que lo necesitaban con urgencia. Unos años antes de morir, Fidel Castro puso el último clavo en el ataúd al cerrar más de la mitad de ellos. Por ello, hoy Cuba solo tiene médicos para exportar, lo cual representa otro problema: convertir a las personas en mercancías y no otorgar a los médicos salarios adecuados por su trabajo.

Políticamente, Cuba carece actualmente de legitimidad gubernamental. Tras la muerte de Fidel Castro, su liderazgo mesiánico y carismático llegó a su fin. A su mandato le siguió el de su hermano, Raúl Castro, quien siempre lo apoyó respaldándolo con las fuerzas militares. Raúl carecía del carisma de Fidel, esa capacidad de transformar cada problema en Cuba en una visión de la necesidad de sacrificio del pueblo por un futuro mejor. Raúl fue un reformador e intentó introducir algunas reformas de mercado, permitiendo cierto nivel de trabajo por cuenta propia, aunque sus reformas no fueron lo suficientemente amplias como para marcar una diferencia significativa. Raúl sí tuvo éxito en el ámbito internacional ya que, junto con Obama, restauró las relaciones políticas entre Cuba y los EE. UU. Tanto Fidel como Raúl tenían la legitimidad de haber luchado en la Revolución cubana, llevándola a la victoria. Raúl eligió a Miguel Díaz-Canel, el nuevo presidente, como su sucesor. Díaz-Canel, sin embargo, carece de la legitimidad de la Revolución, no es en absoluto carismático y no ha sido capaz de gestionar la economía cubana para resolver ninguno de sus problemas.

Tanto los problemas económicos como los políticos en la isla han dado lugar a fuertes y amplias protestas sociales por parte de la población, que ya no cree en la visión de sacrificarse por un futuro mejor y que lidia diariamente con problemas reales: falta de alimentos para el sustento, falta de gasolina para el transporte y apagones por la escasez de electricidad. Viven de las remesas que reciben de familiares y amigos que abandonaron la isla hace tiempo, ya sea expulsados como exiliados o como refugiados que simplemente buscaban una vida mejor en otros lugares —específicamente en los EE. UU., España y América Latina. De una nación que contaba con 11.2 millones de personas hace solo una década, hoy las estimaciones sitúan a la población cerca de los 8 millones. Es un final triste para una nación que, a pesar de las desigualdades que albergaba cuando triunfó la Revolución (de clase social y raza, así como de género), era próspera. La utopía comunista en la que tantos creyeron, y por la que tantos se sacrificaron, simplemente fracasó por completo.

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