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Ixcatecos – Xwja / Xuani

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
October 16, 2025
in Español, World Cultures
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The term Ixcateco is the gentilicio that the ancient Nahuas applied to the indigenous people who lived in a region they called Ixcatlán, a name that comes from two voices: Ixcatl, cotton and Tlan, place of. Which, together means: place of cotton.

The Ixcatecos have their own language spoken by the people of Santa María Ixcatlán, in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca. The Ixcateca language belongs to the Popoloca branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.

From that time when Ixcatlán kept the date palm seeds

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It is said that many years ago there were men who had the task of maintaining abundance for every village. Whom controlled the seeds were known as The Chiefs.

One day, The Chief of Ixcatlán was tricked by The Chiefs of the neighboring villages.

They gave him pulque to drink, waited for him to fall asleep, and took the opportunity to steal his seeds, leaving him only with the date palm seeds.

That is why the date palm is now the most abundant in Santa María Ixcatlán; and that’s why we use it to weave.

Of how we Ixcatecos we became agave people

Without people there’s no agave spirit. Without land or biodiversity, there would be no agave spirit. Without people’s knowledge of their land, there’s no agave spirit. This is one of the reasons why it is important to know and understand our history. 

We reckon from the stories our elders have told us (because this is how we learn history) that the first settlers stayed in the region as outcasts from other groups. They found in these hills some suitable places to fulfill their needs — like water and good soil — during those early beginnings of agriculture. Our people were related culturally with other groups in the Highlands, like the Popolocas or Mazatecos many centuries ago, and earlier with the Mixtecs and Zapotecs. 

Most Xuani history in today’s world has to do with the foreign affairs that have, in profound ways, shaped our boundaries and our state, as well as our cultural and even personal identity. For example, we know that before the Spanish monarchy arrived in the Americas, the Xuani families were forced to pay taxes to a handful of Mexica’s lords all before 1520. When the Europeans stumbled upon America there came a new term to classify not only us, but everybody in this land: as Indigenous. Before that we were simply different people. Our population was decimated as a result of pestilence and disease (known as matlazahuatl and cocoliztli) brought by these intercontinental foreigners, as well as war. 

After that seigniory systems — feudal lordships — were installed. Since then, outsider monarchs, emperors, and, later, bourgeois presidents set and defined our borders and even our level of development, making decisions based on how much different we were from them. That, ironically, created a sense of social union and support among the locals, which would eventually be called “communality.” In a global world, with the almost-extinct nation states and the establishment of the market economy as a super power, we are indeed again pressured into an economy of production and land management. Hence the importance of agave spirit, which is both our identity and the desire of the market.

Ixcatecos - Xwja / Xuani

El término ixcateco es el gentilicio que aplicaron los antiguos nahuas al pueblo indígena  que habitaba en una región que llamaron Ixcatlán, nombre que proviene de dos voces: ixcatl, algodón y tlan, lugar de. Por ello, Ixtlán significa: lugar de algodón.

Los Ixcatecos tienen su propia lengua hablada por la gente de Santa María Ixcatlán, en la parte norte del estado de Oaxaca. La lengua Ixcateca pertenece a la rama Popoloca de la familia de lenguas Oto-mangueas.

De cuando Ixcatlán se quedó con las semillas de palma datilera

Cuentan que hace muchos años, había unos hombres que tenían la encomienda de mantener en abundancia a cada pueblo. Ellos controlaban las semillas y se les conocía como Los Patrones. Un día el patrón de Ixcatlán fue engañado por Los Patrones de los pueblos cercanos.

Le dieron a beber pulque, esperaron a que se quedara dormido y aprovecharon para robarle sus semillas, dejándole sólo las de la palma de dátil.

Por eso ahora es lo que más se da en Santa María Ixcatlán y por eso es que la usamos para tejer.

De cómo los Ixcatecos nos hicimos la gente del agave

Sin gente no hay espíritu de agave. Sin tierra, ni biodiversidad, no habría espíritu de agave. Sin el conocimiento de la gente sobre su tierra, no hay espíritu de agave. Ésta es una de las razones por las que es importante conocer y comprender nuestra historia.

Por las historias que nos han contado nuestros mayores, porque así es como los Ixcatecos -en nuestra lengua Xuani or Xula- aprendemos la historia de cómo que los primeros pobladores de nuestros grupos se quedaron en la región. Nuestros ancestros encontraron en estas colinas algunos lugares adecuados para satisfacer sus necesidades, como agua y buena tierra, durante esos inicios de la agricultura. Nuestro pueblo se relacionó culturalmente con otros grupos de la Sierra, como los popolocas o mazatecos (hace unos 12 siglos) y antes con los mixtecos y zapotecas (hace unos 65 siglos).

La mayor parte de la historia de nosotros los Xuani en el mundo actual tiene que ver con los asuntos exteriores que, de manera profunda, han moldeado nuestras fronteras y nuestro estado, así como nuestra identidad cultural e incluso personal. Por ejemplo, sabemos que antes de la llegada de la monarquía española a América, unas 8,000 familias Xuani se vieron obligadas a pagar impuestos a un puñado de señores mexica y nahuale, todo antes de 1520. Después, cuando los europeos tropezaron con América, apareció una una forma para clasificarnos, bueno, no sólo nosotros, sino a todos los que vivíamos en este pedacito de tierras indígenas. Antes de eso, éramos simplemente personas diferentes.

Nuestra población fue diezmada como resultado de las pestilencias y enfermedades (conocidas como matlazahuatl y cocoliztli) traídas por estos extranjeros transatlánticos. En 1580, solo quedaban unos 1,200 supervivientes entre los Xuani, los cuales emigraron de sus comunidades esparcidas por la región, a lo que es al actual poblado de Ixcatlán.

Después de eso, se instalaron los sistemas señoriales, los señoríos feudales. Desde entonces, los monarcas de afuera, los emperadores y, más tarde, los presidentes burgueses marcaron y definieron nuestras fronteras e incluso nuestro nivel de desarrollo, tomando decisiones en función de lo diferentes que éramos de ellos. Eso, irónicamente, creó un sentido de unión social y apoyo entre los lugareños, lo que eventualmente se llamaría “comunalidad”. 

En un mundo global, con los estados nacionales casi extintos y el establecimiento de la economía de mercado como una superpotencia, continuamente nos vemos presionados hacia una economía de producción y gestión de la tierra. De ahí la importancia del aguardiente de agave, que junta nuestra identidad con el deseo del mercado.

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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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