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Pueblo Yumano

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
August 21, 2025
in Español, World Cultures
Reading Time: 7 mins read
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In the past, the conception of the Yumano people was that they were a submissive community that had accepted European colonization without much resistance.

However, these statements lack technical-historical precision, as well as the ignorance of the role that the Yumans played during the missionary period.

Edward Spicer mentions that his resistance took place through significant fighting; specifically the resistance towards the control project through sedentarization, agricultural work and adoption of a European authority scheme as central authority. However, these premises were opposed to the nomadic nature of these indigenous people: hunters and gatherers organized in a segmental system of lineages.

The forms of Yuman resistance constitute practices that are part of what James C. Scott (1990) calls the “hidden and everyday transcripts”: such as naivety, intelligence concealed by disguised ignorance and irony, as well as economic practice and social practice studied by Jan Rus (1995), and that includes mobility and incorporation of the missionary site for the purpose of permanence and reproduction.

Among the Yumana community, there are the following communities: Cucapa, Cochimi, Kiliwa, Pa ipai, Kumiai – Ku’ahl.

Myth of the arrowed dead

That the great Mr. Niparaya does not want people to fight, because all those who die with arrows do not go to the cycle; Conversely.

Wac-Tuparan wants people to fight because they die with arrows and go where he is. There are two camps among the Indians: some who follow the partiality of Niparaya and these are serious and circumspect people and easily reduce themselves to reason explaining to them (using their own dogmas) the Christian truths. Other

This side is one of those who follow Wac- Tuparan and these are completely perverse, sorcerers and healers, of whom there are swarms.

These same of the Wac-Tuparan sect, have other totally exotic principles: like that the stars are shining metals, that the moon was created by Cucunumic; that the stars were made by Purutabui and other things in this way.

The Cucapá People, Yumano’s descendants

The Cucapá call themselves “es-pei” and it means “people of water”, they live in the plains of the Colorado or Hardy river, south of the Mexicali Valley, in the towns of El Mayor Indígena, Pedro Cervantes, Colonia Carranza and ejidos in Zacatecas, Durango and Nuevo León. There are two other territorial areas of lesser population importance: one in the Poza de Arvizu, Municipality of San Luis Río Colorado, in Sonora and another in the Somerton reserves, United States.

In the last census, a total of 178 inhabitants of this language were registered, of which 82 live in Baja California and 94 in Sonora. They are part of the group of Yuman peoples. In the Unesco portal the Cucapá language is listed as an endangered language.

Originally the Cucapá were hunters and gatherers of the abundant fruits that they found on the banks of the rivers that were in their territory (péchitas, quelites, a kind of rice, aquatic grass, etc.)

With the skins of the animals they made dresses and blankets, in addition to covering their traditional houses. The meat was eaten in groups. With the arrival of the conquerors and through the intervention of the missionaries they learned to grow corn and squash, which added their usual diet.

The Cochimí people, Yumano’s descendants

The Cochimí people is an ethnic group settled in the northern part of Baja California. According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, a total of 88 Cochimi speakers are registered. They occupy the coastal plateaus of the municipalities of Tecate, Tijuana and Ensenada; Its main population centers are in the towns of La Huerta, Ojos Negros and Peña Blanca. The region’s climate is dry and extreme. On the coast, the altitude ranges between 0 and 500 meters above sea level, while in the mountains it reaches up to 2,000 meters above sea level.

The soil is arid and semi-arid with vegetation dominated by scattered bushes. At present, ancestral traditions continue to constitute part of the diet; the consumption of flora and seeds such as pine nuts, jojoba, acorns, torote, ironwood, biznaga and other cacti form the group of everyday foods. Among the typical dishes of the Cochimíes is the acorn atole.

Pueblo Yumano

En el pasado, la concepción que se tenía del pueblo Yumano, es que eran una comunidad sumisa que había aceptado la colonización europea sin mayor resistencia.

No obstante, estas afirmaciones faltan de precisión técnico-histórica, así como el desconocimiento del papel que tuvieron los yumanos durante el periodo misional.

Edward Spicer menciona que su resistencia tuvo lugar a través de significativos combates; específicamente la resistencia hacia el proyecto de control a través de la sedentarización, trabajo agrícola y adopción de un esquema de autoridad europea como autoridad central. Sin embargo, estas premisas se contraponían a la naturaleza nómada de estos indígenas: cazadores y recolectores organizados en un sistema segmentario de linajes.

Las formas de resistencia yumana constituyen prácticas que forman parte de lo que James C. Scott (1990) denomina los “transcriptos ocultos y cotidianos”: como la ingenuidad, la inteligencia encubierta de ignorancia disimulada y la ironía, así como la práctica económica y la práctica social estudiada por Jan Rus (1995), y que incluye la movilidad y la incorporación del sitio misional con propósito de permanencia y de reproducción.

Entre la comunidad Yumana, se encuentran los siguientes pueblos: Cucapá, Cochimí, Kiliwa, Pa ipai, Kumiai – Ku´ahl.

Mito de los que mueren flechados

Que el gran señor Niparaya no quiere que la gente pelee, porque todos los que mueren flechados no van al ciclo; por el contrario.

Wac-Tuparan quiere que la gente pelee porque mueren flechados y van a donde él está. Hay dos bandos entre los indios: unos que siguen la parcialidad de Niparaya y éstos son gente grave y circunspecta y con facilidad se reducen a la razón explicándoles (valiéndose de sus mismos dogmas) las verdades cristianas. Otro

bando es de los que siguen a Wac- Tuparan y éstos son del todo perversos, hechiceros y curanderos, de qu ien ~ hay enjambres.

Estos mismos de la secta de Wac-Tuparan, tienen otros principios totalmente exóticos: como que las estrellas son metales relucientes, que la luna la creó Cucunumic; que las estrellas las hizo Purutabui y otras cosas de este modo.

Los Cucapá, herederos de los Yumanos

Los Cucapá se autonombran “es-pei” y quiere decir “gente de agua”, viven en La Vegas del Río Colorado o Hardy, al sur del Valle de Mexicali, en las localidades El Mayor Indígena, Pedro Cervantes, Colonia Carranza y ejidos en Zacatecas, Durango y Nuevo León. Existen otras dos áreas territoriales de menor importancia poblacional: una en la Poza de Arvizu, Municipio de San Luis Río Colorado, en Sonora y otra en las reservas de Somerton, Estados Unidos.

En el último censo se registró un total de 178 habitantes de esta lengua, de los cuales 82 habitan en Baja California y 94 en Sonora. Forman parte del grupo de pueblos yumanos. En el portal de la Unesco la lengua Cucapá está listada como una lengua en peligro de extinción.

Originalmente los Cucapá eran cazadores y recolectores de los frutos abundantes que encontraban en los márgenes de los ríos que estaban en su territorio (péchitas, quelites, una especie de arroz, zacate acuático, etc.)

Con las pieles de los animales elaboraban vestidos y cobijas, además de cubrir sus casas tradicionales. La carne la consumían en grupo. Con la llegada de los conquistadores y mediante la intervención de los misioneros aprendieron a cultivar maíz y calabaza, los que agregaron su dieta habitual.

Los Cochimí, descendientes de los Yumanos

Los Cochimí son un grupo étnico asentado en la parte norte de Baja California.

De acuerdo con el Censo de Población y Vivenda 2010, se registra un total de 88 hablantes de cochimí. Ocupan las mesetas costeras de los municipios de Tecate, Tijuana y Ensenada; sus principales núcleos de población están en las localidades de la Huerta, Ojos Negros y Peña Blanca. El clima de la región es seco y extremoso. En la costa, la altitud oscila entre los 0 y 500 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en tanto que en la serranía llega a alcanzar hasta 2,000 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

El suelo es árido y semiárido con una vegetación en donde predominan los matorrales dispersos. En la actualidad, las tradiciones ancestrales siguen constituyendo parte de la alimentación; el consumo de la flora y semillas como piñón, jojoba, bellotas, torote, palo fierro, biznaga y otros cactus forman el grupo de los alimentos cotidianos. Entre los platillos típicos de los cochimíes está el atole de bellota.

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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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