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Tepehuanes

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
November 6, 2025
in Español, World Cultures
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The name Tepehuanes, Tepehuanos, or Tepehuán is undoubtedly of Nahuatl origin, derived from tepetl, meaning hill, and huan, a possessive particle; that is, “owner of the hills.” It is also thought that the term tepehuani means “conqueror or victor in battle”; however, they call themselves o’dam, “those who inhabit.” The Tepehuanes of Durango are called Southern Tepehuanes to distinguish them from those who live in the state of Chihuahua, who are more closely related in many ways to the Tarahumara.

The Tepehuanes have their own language, Odam-O’dam, which belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family, specifically its primary branch. Within the Tepehuan language itself, there are dialectal differences (phonetic and lexical) between those who live in Mezquital and Pueblo Nuevo, which does not impede mutual intelligibility. Trilingualism is common in interethnic communities, where some learn another indigenous language, either through frequent contact or through marriage between speakers of different languages.

The O’dam people primarily inhabit the state of Durango, as well as Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Nayarit. Most Tepehuan people belong to seven ancestral communities that manage the land under a communal ownership system. Among the communities in Durango are Pueblo Nuevo and Mezquital.

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The most important religious festival for the Tepehuan people revolves around the mitote or xibtal, a ritual consisting of a dance performed around a fire at night, accompanied by a musical bow. There are two types of mitote: the family mitote, attended by relatives with patrilineal surnames, and the communal mitote. They typically celebrate two of each: one to ask for rain in May and another to bless the corn in October. In the face of a serious problem, extraordinary mitotes are organized.

They produce items that are in demand abroad for their rich decoration, such as yarn bags (woven on a loom or with cross-stitch) and nets (made of ixtle fiber or plastic cord), straw hats also decorated with yarn, equipales (traditional Mexican chairs) and benches, reed pipes, and undecorated clay pots, griddles, and plates. They also make items that they don’t sell regularly, such as rustic clay dolls and animals for play, wooden carts up to a meter long, and unpainted wooden masks for festivals.

Tepehuanes Stories

God and the Devil

Once upon a time, God was riding a donkey that seemed to be asleep, when suddenly the devil appeared, riding a swift horse, and said:

“Hello God, how are you? What are you doing?”

“Nothing,” said God.

“What do you think about jumping to the other side?” said the devil.

“No, because I have other things to do,” said God.

 

But then, the devil began to reproach God and discriminate, so God dared to go far away to get a running start on his donkey and jump to the other side.

The devil wanted to do the same; he went far back to get a running start, and when he had already jumped and was halfway across, he said: “Oh, my!” and he fell all the way down and couldn’t get back up, so the devil stayed down there.

The Poor Boy

Once upon a time, far away, lived a boy who longed for a wife, but he had no land where they could live.

Then, one day, someone lent him a horse and a new blanket, as well as shoes and a hat, so he could look like a rich man.

When the boy looked his best, he went there, searching for women, and said many kind things to a pretty one until he convinced her to marry him.

Recipe: Tepehuan Atole blanco 

 

Ingredients

  • 6 Cups Water
  • 3 Pieces Cinnamon in slit
  • 200 grams Corn flour or corn starch  
  • 1 cup of cold water
  • 2 cups of milk
  • 350 grams Piloncillo or raw brown sugar

Instructions

  1. Dissolve the masa or flour in a cup of cold water.
  2. Boil the water with the cinnamon and piloncillo.
  3. Once the water has absorbed the flavor of the cinnamon and piloncillo, stir in the masa dissolved in cold water and the 2 cups of milk. Stir constantly to prevent sticking.
  4. Serve hot with a sprinkle of ground cinnamon.

El nombre de tepehuanes, tepehuanos o tepehuán es sin duda de origen náhuatl, derivado de tépetl, cerro y huan, partícula posesiva; es decir, “dueño de cerros”. También se piensa que el término tepehuani significa “conquistador o vencedor en batalla”; pero ellos se autonombran o’dam, “los que habitan”. A los tepehuanes de Durango se les nombra tepehuanes del sur para distinguirlos de los que viven en el estado de Chihuahua, quienes están más emparentados en muchos sentidos con los tarahumaras.

Los tepehuanos cuentan con su propia lengua, el odam – o’dam, misma que pertenece al tronco yuto-azteca en su rama primaria. Dentro de la misma lengua tepehuana hay diferencias dialectales (de fonética y léxico) entre los que viven en el Mezquital y Pueblo Nuevo, lo que no impide la mutua inteligibilidad. Es frecuente encontrar casos de trilingüismo, en interétnicas en donde algunos aprenden otra lengua indígena, ya sea por el trato frecuente o por la unión matrimonial de hablantes de diferentes lenguas.

Los o’dam habitan principalmente en el estado de Durango, también en Sinaloa, Chihuahua y Nayarit. La mayoría de los tepehuanes forman parte de siete comunidades ancestrales que administran la tierra bajo el régimen de propiedad comunal. Entre las comunidades de Durango, se encuentran Pueblo Nuevo y Mezquital.

La festividad religiosa más importante de los tepehuanos gira alrededor del mitote o xibtal, ritual que consiste en una danza que se realiza alrededor del fuego durante la noche, al son de un arco musical. Hay dos clases de mitote: el familiar, al que asisten los parientes con apellido patrilineal, y el comunal. Por lo regular celebran dos de cada uno de ellos: para pedir lluvias en mayo y para bendecir los elotes en octubre. Ante un problema grave, se organizan mitotes extraordinarios.

Elaboran artículos que tienen demanda en el exterior por su rica decoración, como son los morrales de estambre (de telar o punto de cruz) y las redes (de ixtle o cordón plástico), los sombreros de soyate decorados también con estambre, los equipales y bancos, las pipas de carrizo y las ollas, comales y platos de barro crudo sin decoración. Asimismo, elaboran objetos que no comercializan de manera sistemática, como con muñecos y animalitos rústicos con barro para jugar, carritos de madera de hasta un metro de largo, y máscaras de madera sin pintar para las fiestas.

Cuentos Tepehuanos

Dios y el diablo

Una vez Dios andaba en un burro que parecía que venía dormido, y anda, que de por ahí le salió el diablo que venía en un caballo que andaba recio y le dijo: 

−Hola dios, ¿Qué tal, qué andas haciendo?

−Nada− dijo Dios.

−¿Qué te parece si saltamos al otro lado?− dijo el diablo. 

−No porque tengo que hacer otras cosas− dijo Dios. 

Pero, entonces, el diablo le empezó a reprochar a Dios y a discriminar, por eso es que Dios se atrevió, se fue lejos para agarrar vuelo con su burrito para saltar hasta el otro lado. 

El diablo quiso hacer lo mismo, se fue hasta atrás para agarrar vuelo y cuando ya había saltado e iba a la mitad, se dijo: “¡Ah, caray!”, y que se cae hasta abajo y ya no pudo volver a subir, por eso el diablo se quedó allá abajo. 

El muchacho pobre

Una vez por allá lejos vivía un muchacho que quería tener esposa, nomás que no tenía tierra dónde pudieran vivir.

Entonces, un día por ahí le habían prestado un caballo y una cobija nueva, también zapatos y un sombrero para que pareciera un hombre rico. 

Cuando el muchacho ya se veía bien, se fue para allá porque andaba buscando donde estaban las mujeres y le dijo a una que estaba bonita muchas cosas lindas hasta que la convenció para que se casaran.

Receta: Atole Blanco Tepehuano

Ingredientes

  • 6 Tazas Agua 
  • 3 Piezas Canela en raja
  • 200 Gramos Masa de maíz, Harina de maíz o fécula de maíz
  • 1 taza de agua fría
  • 2 tazas de leche 
  • 350 Gramos Piloncillo o azúcar morena

Instrucciones

  1. Disuelve la masa o harina en una taza de agua fría.
  2. Hierve el agua con la canela, el piloncillo. 
  3. Ya que el agua ha tomado el sabor de la canela y el piloncillo, incorpora la masa disuelta en agua fría y las 2 tazas de leche. Mueve constantemente para evitar que se pegue.
  4. Sirve caliente con un poco de canela en polvo.
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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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