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Independence in Spanish America

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
September 22, 2026
in Español, World Cultures
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In this month, when the independence of so many countries is commemorated, perhaps we could ask ourselves: why are independence movements important?

Throughout history, peoples from different cultures have sought to regain or take control of certain territories, sometimes territories where they have lived for many generations and wish to preserve, as well as strengthen their identity in response to pressure from other peoples. They have also done so because they want to establish new forms of political and social organization.

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In the Americas, the colonies of the Spanish Empire occupied a large part of the continental territory, from North America to Patagonia, as well as various territories and islands in the Caribbean. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, different territories that shared institutions, cultural ties, and a colonial administration began seeking greater levels of autonomy, a process that eventually led to independence and the creation of new nations.

This search for autonomy did not appear suddenly. During the colonial period, there were tensions related to the participation of the inhabitants of the Americas in political and economic decision-making. Some important decisions depended on the authorities of the Spanish monarchy and, in certain cases, on decisions made from the Iberian Peninsula. Added to this was a political crisis that directly affected the Spanish monarchy.

In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte’s French troops occupied much of Spain. Ferdinand VII was forced to abdicate, and Napoleon placed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. This situation created a power vacuum and led to the formation of governing juntas both in Spain and in different American territories. At first, many of these juntas claimed to be acting in defense of Ferdinand VII’s rights and did not necessarily call for an immediate break with the monarchy.

In Spanish America, autonomous juntas began to acquire increasing importance. In 1809, a governing junta was established in Quito, and in 1810, decisive events took place in different regions. On July 20, a governing junta was formed in Santa Fe de Bogotá, while a junta had already been established in Buenos Aires in May. In September, Chile created the First Government Junta of Santiago, and on September 16, the uprising led by Miguel Hidalgo began in New Spain, known as the Grito de Dolores, seeking independence from the Spanish Crown and the creation of a new nation.

However, these movements did not develop uniformly. In some places, autonomy gradually led to independence; in others, royalist authorities maintained control over large regions for several years. In addition, the conflicts were not simply confrontations between Americans and Spaniards, as there were also divisions among different groups within society and among those who supported different political projects.

In Chile, for example, the First Government Junta was formed on September 18, 1810. The process continued through military confrontations and different political stages until Bernardo O’Higgins proclaimed independence on February 12, 1818. The patriot victory at the Battle of Maipú on April 5 of that same year was decisive in consolidating the process, although fighting against royalist forces continued in the south until 1826.

In other regions, major military campaigns also took place. Simón Bolívar participated in the struggles for independence in northern South America, while José de San Martín led military campaigns from the Río de la Plata toward Chile and later toward Peru. The independence of the latter territory was linked to a prolonged war that ended with the victory of the independence forces at the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9, 1824. This battle marked the end of the main military campaigns for independence in the Spanish-controlled areas of continental America.

The process did not end exactly in 1824 either. In Bolivia, then known as Upper Peru, independence was declared on August 6, 1825, while in Chile, the final confrontations with royalist forces ended with the incorporation of Chiloé in 1826. In Central America, the provinces that had belonged to the Captaincy General of Guatemala declared their independence from Spain in 1821 and subsequently went through different political processes that led to the formation of new states.

Over several decades, different American societies transformed their political relationships with the Spanish monarchy and gave rise to new states. The dates we commemorate today represent fundamental moments in these processes, but behind each independence movement were conflicts, different political projects, and diverse societies that had to build new forms of government after breaking with the colonial order, as well as new ways of expressing identities that would unite the new nations of these territories.

Independencias de Hispanoamérica

En este mes en el que se conmemora la independencia de tantos países, quizá podríamos preguntarnos: ¿por qué son importantes las independencias?

A nivel histórico, los pueblos de diferentes culturas han buscado recobrar o tomar el control de ciertos territorios, en ocasiones territorios en los que han vivido durante muchas generaciones y desean preservar, así como reforzar su identidad tras la presión de otros pueblos; también, porque se desea implementar nuevas formas de organización política y social.

En el continente americano, las colonias del Imperio español ocuparon una gran parte del territorio continental, desde Norte América hasta la Patagonia, además de diversos territorios e islas del Caribe. Sin embargo, a comienzos del siglo XIX, diferentes territorios que compartían instituciones, vínculos culturales y una administración colonial comenzaron a buscar mayores niveles de autonomía, un proceso que finalmente llevó a la independencia y a la creación de nuevas naciones.

Esta búsqueda de autonomía no apareció de manera repentina. Durante el periodo colonial existían tensiones relacionadas con la participación de los habitantes americanos en las decisiones políticas y económicas. Algunas decisiones importantes dependían de las autoridades de la monarquía española y, en determinados casos, de decisiones tomadas desde la península ibérica. A esto se sumó una crisis política que afectó directamente a la monarquía española.

En 1808, las tropas francesas de Napoleón Bonaparte ocuparon gran parte de España. Fernando VII fue obligado a abdicar y Napoleón colocó a su hermano José Bonaparte en el trono español. Esta situación produjo un vacío de poder y dio lugar a la formación de juntas de gobierno tanto en España como en distintos territorios americanos. En un primer momento, muchas de estas juntas afirmaron actuar en defensa de los derechos de Fernando VII y no necesariamente proclamaron una ruptura inmediata con la monarquía.

En Hispanoamérica, las juntas autónomas comenzaron a adquirir una importancia cada vez mayor. En 1809 se estableció una Junta de Gobierno en Quito y, en 1810, se produjeron acontecimientos decisivos en diferentes regiones. El 20 de julio se formó una junta de gobierno en Santa Fe de Bogotá, mientras que en mayo se había establecido una junta en Buenos Aires. En septiembre, en Chile se creó la Primera Junta de Gobierno de Santiago, y el 16 de septiembre comenzó en la Nueva España el levantamiento encabezado por Miguel Hidalgo, conocido como el Grito de Dolores en busca de la independencia de la corona española para crear una nueva nación.

Sin embargo, estos movimientos no tuvieron un desarrollo uniforme. En algunos lugares, la autonomía fue avanzando hacia la independencia; en otros, las autoridades realistas conservaron durante varios años el control de amplias regiones. Además, los conflictos no fueron únicamente enfrentamientos entre americanos y españoles, pues también existieron divisiones entre distintos grupos de la sociedad y entre quienes defendían diferentes proyectos políticos.

En Chile, por ejemplo, la Primera Junta de Gobierno se formó el 18 de septiembre de 1810. El proceso continuó con enfrentamientos militares y diferentes etapas políticas hasta que Bernardo O’Higgins proclamó la independencia el 12 de febrero de 1818. La victoria patriota en la batalla de Maipú, el 5 de abril de ese mismo año, fue decisiva para consolidar el proceso, aunque los enfrentamientos contra las fuerzas realistas continuaron en el sur hasta 1826.

En otras regiones también se desarrollaron campañas militares de gran importancia. Simón Bolívar participó en las luchas por la independencia del norte de Sudamérica, mientras que José de San Martín impulsó campañas militares desde el Río de la Plata hacia Chile y posteriormente hacia el Perú. La independencia de este último territorio estuvo vinculada a una guerra prolongada que terminó con la victoria de las fuerzas independentistas en la batalla de Ayacucho, el 9 de diciembre de 1824. Esta batalla marcó el final de las principales campañas militares de independencia en la América continental bajo dominio español.

El proceso tampoco terminó exactamente en 1824. En Bolivia, entonces conocida como Alto Perú, la independencia se declaró el 6 de agosto de 1825, mientras que en Chile los últimos enfrentamientos con fuerzas realistas terminaron con la incorporación de Chiloé en 1826. En Centroamérica, las provincias que habían pertenecido a la Capitanía General de Guatemala declararon su independencia de España en 1821 y posteriormente atravesaron distintos procesos políticos que llevaron a la formación de nuevos Estados.

Durante varias décadas, diferentes sociedades americanas transformaron sus relaciones políticas con la monarquía española y dieron origen a nuevos Estados. Las fechas que actualmente conmemoramos representan momentos fundamentales de esos procesos, pero detrás de cada independencia hubo conflictos, proyectos políticos distintos y sociedades diversas que tuvieron que construir nuevas formas de gobierno después de la ruptura con el orden colonial, así como nuevas formas de expresar identidades que unificaran las nuevas naciones de esos territorios.

Tags: latin americalatinosLatinxSouth America
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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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