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Panama and its People

Gunadule people have preserved their traditions, history and creation myths for centuries

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
August 11, 2026
in Español, World Cultures
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The Gunadule, also known as Kuna, Dule, Tule, or Cuna, are an Indigenous people who have inhabited the northern part of South America since long before the European conquest, which has given them extensive knowledge that strengthens their culture. During the colonial period, chroniclers described them as playing a very important role in the trade of cacao, cinchona bark, and raicilla.

Today they live in Panama and Colombia. In Panama, nearly 80,000 Gunadule people live there, most of them on the islands of the San Blas Archipelago in the Caribbean Sea, while others live in the communities of Púcuro and Paya, in the ancestral territory of Dagargunyala (Darién), very close to the border with Colombia.

Gunadule Creation Myth

The planet was a mass of solid land with no seas, rivers, streams, or human beings. The only inhabitants were animals that spoke like people do today, and those that had four legs walked on two. Such was the landscape that Ipelele Opa saw upon his arrival. But one day his wife came home drunk, and he could not understand what had caused it. So he pulled out one of his molars, which transformed into a mule, and rode it until he reached Ipuwala: a large, leafy tree whose crown was a forest where the animals kept plantations of corn, rice, sugarcane, intoxicating juice bananas, and other plants that served as food for the animals.

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When Ipelele Opa saw this, he decided to cut the tree down. He gathered the inhabitants of the earth, and they obeyed him. Despite all their effort that day, together they managed to complete only half of the task. The following day, when Ipelele Opa and the animals returned to finish cutting it down, they were greatly amazed and could find no explanation as to how or why the tree was once again whole. They worked with even greater effort. They tried to finish quickly. Night fell while they were working, and they were forced to stop and rest. Ipuwala remained alone, wrapped in darkness, until the following morning when Ipelele Opa and his entourage of animals returned to resume the work, only to find that the cuts from the previous day had disappeared. Ipelele Opa flew into a rage, but no one could explain what had happened, and once again he looked at Ipuwala: enormous, leafy, and untouched.

By nightfall, the tree had been cut only halfway. The work was suspended. This time they hid among the bushes. Concealed by the shadows, they saw Olo No, the toad with brilliant eyes; Olo Nia, the golden devil; Olo Naipe, the serpent with the golden gaze; and Olo Achu, the golden dog, each appearing from one of the four cardinal directions, respectively. When these animals reached the tree, they placed their tongues upon the cut, and Ipuwala closed up once again, but they were killed, pierced by the invincible arrows of the terrible archer Puksu.

Immediately, in the middle of the night, Ipelele Opa and the animals resumed cutting the tree, and the pieces that fell transformed into crabs, foxes, and other creatures. When the sun rose, they had finally managed to cut the tree down, but it would not fall no matter how much they shook and rocked it because its leafy branches were tangled among the clouds. To untangle it, Ipelele Opa called a squirrel. It carried a machete between its teeth, but after climbing only a short distance, it slipped and fell, cutting its back. Since then it has been known as Esttinkana, “cut by a machete.” “You go,” he ordered the monkey, but when it reached the top, the animal could neither untangle the tree nor come back down. Since then it has lived in the trees and is known as the howler monkey.

As a last resort, he called a smaller squirrel. However, it refused, saying that it was married. Because of this, Ipelele Opa promised it another wife, the daughter of Mastalipe. Even so, the hero waited two days because the animal said it first had to sleep with her. Ipelele Opa gave it a golden axe and also decided to reward it with a golden garment once the work was finished. The animal prepared itself before everyone watching. It gathered momentum. The sound of the axe blow was heard, and amid the loudest of crashes, the tree collapsed, and from it were born the seas, the rivers, and the streams; but the little squirrel was never seen again.

This event was celebrated with a great and solemn feast, but fights broke out as the animals became drunk. Because of this, Ipelele Opa punished them by making them lose their human characteristics. Those who had walked on two legs were cast into the forests and made to walk on four, while the plantations were left for the humans who would be born in time.

After this event, the hero ascended to Heaven. Later he sent Ipelele Sipukua and his wife down to the earth. Upon their arrival, they stopped among the green lashes of the calabash tree, on the summit of Mount Takarkuna (the cradle of the Kuna). This couple had children and nephews, among whom was Ipelele Okkelele, who also had children and nephews, such as Ipelele Kakkatottokun, for example, who in turn had children and nephews, and so on until the Tule / Kuna people were born.

Panamá y su gente

Los Gunadule, también conocidos como kuna, dules, tules o cuna, son un pueblo indígena que habita el territorio del norte de Suramérica desde mucho antes de la conquista europea, lo cual hace que tengan un gran conocimiento que fortalece su cultura. Durante la colonia, los cronistas los narran desempeñando un papel muy importante en el comercio de cacao, quina, raicilla. 

Actualmente viven en Panamá y Colombia. En Panamá viven cerca de 80.000 habitantes gunadules, la mayoría habita en las islas del archipiélago de San Blas sobre el mar Caribe y otros ocupan las comunidades de Púcuro y Paya, en el territorio ancestral Dagargunyala (Darién), muy cerca de la frontera con Colombia.

Mito de la creación Gunadule

El planeta era una masa de tierra compacta sin mar ni ríos ni quebradas ni seres humanos. Los únicos pobladores eran los animales hablaban como las personas de hoy y aquellos que tenían cuatro patas andaban sobre dos. Tal fue el paisaje que vio Ipelele Opa a su llegada. Pero un día su esposa vino ebria y él no supo a qué atribuirle la causa. Entonces se sacó una muela que se metamorfoseó en mula y en ella anduvo hasta llegar a Ipuwala: era un árbol grande, frondoso, cuya copa era un bosque donde tenían los animales las plantaciones de maíz, arroz, cañas de azúcar, guineos de jugo embriagante y otras plantas que servían de alimentos a los animales.

Al ver esto, Ipelele Opa determinó talarlo. Congregó a los habitantes de la tierra y ellos obedecieron. Pese al esfuerzo que realizaron juntos aquel día lograron solamente la mitad de la tarea. Al día siguiente, cuanto Ipelele Opa y los animales llegaron para terminar de talar se maravillaron grandemente y no encontraron explicación alguna de cómo o por qué pudiese estar intacto el árbol. Acometieron con mayor esfuerzo. Trataron de terminar pronto. Trabajando los sorprendió la noche y se vieron obligados a irse al descanso. Ipuwala quedó solo, envuelto en la oscuridad, hasta la mañana siguiente en que llegó Ipelele Opa y su séquito de animales para reanudar el trabajo, pero el árbol estaba ya sin las cortaduras del día anterior. Pelele Opa montó en cólera, pero ninguno supo darle explicación alguna y volvió a mirar a Ipuwala: enorme, frondoso, intacto. 

Al llegar la noche, el árbol estaba cortado hasta la mitad únicamente. Se suspendió el trabajo. En esta ocasión se escondieron entre las malezas. Disimulados por las sombras, aparecieron: Olo No, sapo de brillantes ojos: Olo Nia, diablo dorado; Olo Naipe, serpiente de áurea mirada; Olo Achu, perro de oro; cada uno por cada uno de los cuatros puntos cardinales, respectivamente. Al llegar estos animales al árbol juntaron sus lenguas al corte e Ipuwala volvió a cerrarse, pero ellos murieron atravesados por las saetas invencibles del terrible flechador Puksu. 

Inmediatamente, en plena noche, Ipelele Opa y los animales se pusieron a talar y los pedazos que caían se transformaban en cangrejos, zorros, etc. Cuando llegó el sol, habían logrado cortar el árbol, pero no cayó por más que le mecían y remecían: sus frondosas ramas estaban enredadas con las nubes. Para desenredarlo, Ipele Opa llamó a una ardilla. Llevaba entre los dientes un machete, mas habiendo escalado un poco se resbaló y cayó cortándose la espalda: desde entonces se le conoce como Esttinkana, cortado con machete. “Sube tú”, le ordenó al mono, pero al llegar a la copa, el animal no pudo desenredar el árbol ni tampoco se bajó. Desde entonces vive en los árboles con el nombre de aullador. 

En última instancia, llamó a una ardilla más pequeña, sin embargo, ésta se negó aduciendo estar casado y en vista de ello Ipelele Opa le prometió otra mujer; la hija de Mastalipe. A pesar de todo, el héroe esperó dos días porque el animal le dijo que antes era preciso acostarse con ella. Ipele Opa le entregó un hacha de oro y además determinó regalarle un vestido dorado al finalizar el trabajo. El animal se preparó a la vista del público. Tomó impulso. Se oyó el hachazo y en medio del más ruidoso de los estruendos se desplomó el árbol y de él nacieron los mares, los ríos y las quebradas; pero nunca más se supo de la pequeña ardilla. 

Con una fiesta de gran solemnidad se celebró este hecho, pero hubo peleas al embriagarse los animales y por ello Ipelele Opa los castigó haciéndoles perder los caracteres humanos y así fueron arrojados hacia las selvas aquellos que andaban sobre dos patas anduvieron sobre cuatro y las plantaciones quedaron para los humanos que nacerían con el tiempo. 

Después de este acontecimiento el héroe subió al Cielo. Luego envió a Ipelele Sipukua y a su esposa a la tierra. A su arribo se detuvieron en las verdes pestañas del árbol del calabazo, en la cima de la montaña Takarkuna (la cuna de los kunas). Esta pareja tuvo hijos y sobrinos entre los cuales se puede contar a Ipelele Okkelele, que también tuvo hijos y sobrinos, como Ipelele Kakkatottokun, por ejemplo, quien a su vez tuvo hijos y sobrinos y así sucesivamente hasta que nacieron los Tule / Kuna.

Tags: PanamaSouth America
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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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