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Día de los Muertos traditions

Día de los Muertos: November 1–2 traditions, from Mexican altars to pan de muerto and calaveritas literarias. Learn how Mexico honors its ancestors through ofrendas, marigolds, and papel picado

Mariana Ayón RV by Mariana Ayón RV
November 1, 2026
in Culture & Arts, Español, World Cultures
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Mexico’s relationship with death has a precolonial history that is reflected in various ritual practices of Mesoamerican peoples. One example is the Huey Tzompantli of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, a structure associated with the Templo Mayor, where the skulls of sacrificed individuals were displayed. Its purpose had religious and political significance related to the Mexica worldview, in which sacrifice was part of the relationship between human beings and the gods.

In 2015, archaeologists from Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) discovered the remains of this structure in Mexico City’s Historic Center. Subsequent research has made it possible to study its features and learn more about the people whose remains became part of this monument.

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Today, Day of the Dead is one of Mexico’s most representative traditions. It is celebrated on November 1 and 2, when families remember their loved ones through offerings and visits to cemeteries, where they clean and decorate graves with flowers and candles. The celebration has roots in the beliefs of Indigenous peoples such as the Mexica (Aztecs), Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Tlaxcalans, and Totonacs. After the arrival of the Spanish, their practices blended with the Catholic celebrations of All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day.

In the Mexica (Aztec) tradition, Mictlan was the world of the dead. According to custom, the first day is dedicated mainly to children who have passed away, while the second honors adults, as it is believed that the souls return to visit their families.

One of the central elements of this celebration is the Day of the Dead altar, whose arrangement varies according to the region and family customs. It usually includes photographs, candles, marigolds, red ribbon flowers, papel picado (decorative cut-paper banners), food, and objects that the deceased enjoyed during their lifetime. The water, soap, towel, and mirror found in some offerings symbolize the items the souls need to wash up before enjoying the food. Salt and ash may be arranged in the shape of a cross associated with purification, while candles and flowers symbolically illuminate and guide the souls on their way back. Papel picado, made from thin, colorful sheets of paper, adds a festive touch to the altar. It is decorated with skulls, flowers, and other designs that bring movement and color to the offerings.

The levels of the altars also have different meanings. Three-level altars are commonly associated with heaven, earth, and purgatory, while those with nine levels are linked to the nine levels of Mictlan, and thirteen-level altars represent the heavens in the pre-Hispanic worldview. The offerings also include dishes that the person being honored enjoyed during their lifetime, often including mole, tamales, and the deceased’s favorite drinks. Sharing these flavors is a way to remember their tastes and keep their stories alive.

In northern Mexico, some Indigenous peoples, such as the Mayo, Yaqui, and Seri, prepare an offering known as a Tapanco. It consists of a raised platform made from mesquite branches and supported by four wooden posts, on which they place candles, flowers, fruit, food, and a cross. This type of offering does not necessarily include photographs, personal belongings, or papel picado. This creates a notable contrast between the more austere offerings of the north and the abundance of colors found in the south, highlighting the diversity of practices through which different communities remember their deceased loved ones.

Food also plays an important role in the celebration. Pan de muerto, or Day of the Dead bread, is one of its best-known symbols, although its preparation varies from region to region. In some parts of central Mexico, it is sprinkled with pink sugar, while in Michoacán, breads shaped like human figures and animals are made. In Guanajuato, certain varieties include anise bread topped with a sweet spread made primarily from sweet potato and guava or sweet potato and walnuts.

Other traditional elements include sugar skulls, which usually bear the name of the person receiving them as a gesture of affection, and Calaveritas Literarias, short rhyming poems that play with the idea of death. In these poems, death appears as a character trying to take someone away, usually through humorous situations related to that person’s personality, occupation, or everyday activities. These compositions offer a clever and humorous way of approaching death as part of the popular expressions associated with Day of the Dead.

It is important to remember that references to death during Day of the Dead are not intended as insults, but rather as a way of expressing affection within Mexican culture.

Tradiciones de Día de Muertos

La relación de México con la muerte tiene una historia precolonial que se refleja en distintas prácticas rituales de los pueblos mesoamericanos. Un ejemplo es el Huey Tzompantli de México-Tenochtitlan, una estructura vinculada con el Templo Mayor, en la que se exhibían cráneos humanos de personas sacrificadas. Su función tenía significados religiosos y políticos relacionados con la cosmovisión mexica, en la que el sacrificio formaba parte de la relación entre los seres humanos y los dioses.

En 2015, arqueólogos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) descubrieron restos de esta estructura en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México. Las investigaciones posteriores han permitido estudiar sus características y conocer más sobre las personas cuyos restos formaron parte del monumento.

Actualmente, el Día de Muertos es una de las tradiciones más representativas de México, se celebra los días 1 y 2 de noviembre en los que las familias recuerdan a sus seres queridos mediante ofrendas y visitas a los panteones, donde limpian y adornan las tumbas con flores y velas. La celebración tiene raíces en las creencias de pueblos originarios como los mexicas-aztecas, mixtecas, zapotecas, tlaxcaltecas y totonacas, cuyas prácticas se combinaron tras la llegada de los españoles con las celebraciones católicas de Todos los Santos y los Fieles Difuntos. 

En la tradición mexica-azteca, el Mictlán era el mundo de los muertos. Según la costumbre, el primer día se dedica principalmente a los niños fallecidos y el segundo a los adultos, pues se cree que las almas regresan para visitar a sus familiares.

Uno de los elementos centrales de esta festividad es el altar de muertos, cuya composición varía según la región y las costumbres familiares. Suele incluir fotografías, velas, flores de cempasúchil y flores de listón rojo, papel picado, alimentos y objetos que los difuntos disfrutaban en vida. El agua, el jabón, la toalla y el espejo que aparecen en algunas ofrendas simbolizan los elementos necesarios para que las almas puedan asearse antes de disfrutar los alimentos. La sal y la ceniza pueden colocarse formando una cruz asociada con la purificación, mientras que las velas y las flores ayudan simbólicamente a iluminar y orientar el camino de regreso. El papel picado, elaborado con hojas delgadas y de colores abandera el altar; mismo que también se decora con calaveras, flores y otros motivos que aportan movimiento y color a los altares.

Los niveles también tienen distintos significados. Los altares de tres niveles suelen relacionarse con el cielo, la tierra y el purgatorio, mientras que los de nueve niveles se vinculan con los nueve niveles del Mictlán y los de trece con los cielos de la cosmovisión prehispánica. En las ofrendas también se colocan platillos que disfrutó a quien se dedica el altar, entre los que suele incluirse el mole, tamales, o también bebidas favoritas de los difuntos, pues compartir sus sabores es una manera de recordar sus gustos y mantener presente su historia.

En el norte de México, algunos pueblos indígenas, como los mayos, yaquis y seris, preparan una ofrenda conocida como Tapanco. Se trata de una plataforma elevada construida con varas de mezquite y sostenida por cuatro troncos, sobre la que colocan velas, flores, frutas, alimentos y una cruz. Esta forma de ofrenda no necesariamente incluye fotografías, pertenencias personales o papel picado, lo que marca una gran diferencia entre la austeridad del norte y vastedad de colores del sur, dejando en claro la diversidad de prácticas con las que distintas comunidades recuerdan a sus difuntos.

La gastronomía también ocupa un lugar importante. El pan de muerto es uno de los símbolos más conocidos de la celebración, aunque su preparación cambia de una región a otra. En algunas zonas del centro del país se espolvorea con azúcar rosa, mientras que en Michoacán se elaboran panes con figuras humanas y animales. En Guanajuato, ciertas preparaciones incluyen pan de anís al que se le cubre con una cajeta de camote con guayaba o con nuez, principalmente.

Entre los elementos tradicionales también destacan las calaveritas de azúcar, que suelen llevar el nombre de la persona a quien se regalan como muestra de afecto, y las calaveritas literarias, pequeñas composiciones rimadas que juegan con la idea de la muerte. En ellas, la muerte aparece como un personaje que intenta llevarse a alguien, generalmente mediante situaciones humorísticas relacionadas con su personalidad, su oficio o sus actividades cotidianas. Estas composiciones permiten abordar la muerte con ingenio y humor, como parte de las expresiones populares vinculadas con el Día de Muertos.

Recordemos que las alegorías a la muerte en el contexto del día de muertos no es un insulto, sino una forma de expresar cariño dentro de la cultura mexicana. 

Tags: Dia de MuertosMexico
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Mariana Ayón RV

Mariana Ayón RV

Mexican poet and writer. Interested in hispanic-latinamerican cultures. Settled in Mexico, she is currently studying a Master's Degree in History.

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